Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used in many industrial processes and consumer products. Here are some key facts about toluene:
- Chemical formula: C6H5CH3
- Molecular structure: Toluene has a benzene ring with a methyl group attached to it. This gives it the properties of both an aromatic compound and an alkylbenzene.
- Physical properties: It is a clear, water-immiscible liquid with a sweet petroleum-like odor. Its boiling point is 110°C.
- Polarity: Toluene is nonpolar due to its symmetric structure without any polar bonds. This allows it to dissolve many nonpolar organic compounds.
- Uses: It is commonly used as an industrial feedstock as well as a solvent. Some applications include gasoline additives, paints, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic fibers.
- Health effects: Toluene is moderately toxic and exposure can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea. High doses may damage the nervous system. It is flammable and exposure risks should be minimized.
- Derivatives: Common derivatives include toluene diisocyanate, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and trinitrotoluene through addition, substitution, oxidation, and nitration reactions.
- Solubility: Toluene is insoluble in water but miscible with organic solvents like alcohol, acetone, ether, and chloroform. It dissolves many nonpolar and slightly polar organic substances.
- Handling: Due to its toxicity and flammability, toluene should be handled with proper protective equipment and stored away from heat and ignition sources in ventilated areas. Spills should be cleaned up promptly.
In summary, toluene is an important aromatic hydrocarbon that has widespread industrial applications due to its nonpolar nature and ability to act as a solvent. However, its toxicity also requires careful handling and use of appropriate safety measures. Both its physical and chemical properties make it useful for various chemical processes and products.
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